Capturing vs. Creating Value

When evaluating value-added enterprises, it is important to recognize the difference between capturing value and creating value. The way a producer adds value to agricultural production can affect the potential for risks and rewards.

Capturing value

Capturing value occurs through changes in the distribution of value in the food and fiber production chain. These changes are generally efforts to capture more of the value in the supply chain (consumer’s dollar). Direct marketing, vertical integration, producer alliances and cooperatives are often directed toward capturing more of the end-use value of farm production. Following are examples of capturing added value:

• Beef producers who join an alliance to market backgrounded calves or retain ownership of animals in the feedlot.
• Producers who form cooperatives to build meatpacking or ethanol plants.
• Producers who package or market their production directly to consumers.

Creating value

Creating value occurs with the addition of actual or perceived value to a customer for a superior product or service. The objective is to create additional value where none existed before. New products, enhanced product characteristics, services, brand names or unique customer experiences may create additional value for farm products. Examples of activities for creating added value are:

• Marketing unique or branded products.
• Producing identity-preserved or specialty crops for value chain participation.
• Combining family activities (animal petting, hay rides, etc.) or recreation associated with direct on-farm product marketing to consumers.

Production risk

Production risk from value-added production is often directly related to whether the value is captured or created.

Production skills and risks are often lower with captured value-added activities because the production processes are generally well known and established through the link to traditional agricultural production. To illustrate:

• An alliance of beef producers that are backgrounding or retaining ownership generally have knowledge of cattle feeding and the skills to background calves.
• Individual members of an ethanol or meatpacking cooperative may not have production plant knowledge, but operational expertise along with cost/return margins are readily available and well understood throughout each of the industries.
• While producers packaging their products for direct sale to consumers may lack some of the necessary marketing and packaging skills, they usually understand the factors affecting production of their animal or crop product.

In contrast, creating added value may involve entirely new production practices or require new skills to produce unique goods or services, resulting in considerable added production risk. For example:

• Marketing a unique or branded product may require production and product testing along with meeting food safety regulations and labeling requirements not encountered in production agriculture.
• Production of identity-preserved or specialty crops may require contract production obligations (marketing risks) and management (production risks) skills to ensure product quality and maintain product segregation.
• Providing family or recreational activities increases safety and liability concerns (processing risks) along with activity design and people skills needed to provide enjoyable activities for customers.

Marketing risk

Marketing risk may also be influenced by whether value is captured or created.

Capturing added value is often highly competitive. Integrating into a value chain often requires supplying a substantial volume of production at a competitive cost to the next step in the chain to capture the market position. For example:

• A beef alliance's calves must offer competitive economic benefits to a feedlot in cost or efficiency over other calves to capture the market from other sources of calves.
• A cooperative processing plant for ethanol or some other product must be cost-efficient to compete with similar plants producing similar products.
• Producers marketing directly to consumers must compete with many other producers as well as supermarkets and other food suppliers.

Competition from others seeking to participate (integrate) into the value chain or previous participants seeking to recapture their position can lead to enhanced price competition and greater market risk for captured value. The competition in captured value-added markets can lead to the same treadmill situation as commodity production agriculture has always faced (e.g. the need to increase efficiency and production continuously to stay competitive).

If additional produced demand (value) is created, stable and potentially higher prices with limited direct competition may result. To illustrate:

• A unique or branded product differentiates itself from other products, thereby creating its own demand.
• Contractual agreements for value chain identity-preserved products limit competition from other producers who might be willing to sell for lower prices or try to produce and sell lower quality products.
• A farm creating an activity experience has a unique location with unique geographic features that usually cannot be duplicated by competitors.

However, the actual marketing and selling of created-value products may be more difficult if market channels and product identity are not established. This requires market feasibility studies, marketing plans and (for most producers) new marketing skills in addition to the new production skills for the product or services.

Capital investment

Capital investment requirements can vary considerably for both captured and created value-added enterprises. For example, capturing added value by backgrounding calves may require little additional capital investment in contrast to a producer group that is capturing value by making a large investment in a packing plant. Creating value by producing identity-preserved grain with special characteristics may not require a significant investment, but marketing a branded specialty food product may require large investments in processing, distribution and development.

Business financing should include adequate operating funds (working capital) to sustain the value-added enterprise through the start-up phase because the business must meet cash-flow needs until value-added income is generated. For both captured and created value-added enterprises, the amount of funds and time required vary considerably. For example:

• Capturing added value may require only a few months and limited added cost with a calf backgrounding alliance, while construction and start-up of an ethanol plant may require a much longer time and considerable operating expense before any production returns are received.
• Creating value with identity-preserved crops may cause limited delays, depending on contractual arrangements, with little added operating costs. However developing a branded product may require considerable time and expense before any product is actually sold.

Whether value is captured or created, it is important to remember that higher-risk investments should offer higher or quicker returns, while lower-risk investments tend to offer lower or slower returns - "if you take risk, you should get paid for it!"

How much value can be added?

A number of factors affect how much value can be added to an agricultural product. The amount of additional value a producer (or group) receives from a product may be related to whether the value is captured or created, and can greatly influence the profit potential or success of the enterprise. Consider two value-added enterprises for soybeans.

• A cooperative venture in a soy crushing plant (capturing value). The amount of additional value captured by processing commodity soybeans is usually relatively small. Producers considering building a soybean crush plant should take into account the narrow margins associated with this enterprise. Soybean crushers normally face narrow margins, and some plants even shut down during periods when the margin is unprofitable. Production risk (processing technology has developed competitive processes) and marketing risk (meal and oil are commodities that are easily traded and sold) are easily understood, resulting in narrow profit margins and many competitors. The same situation can apply to other enterprises that capture added value.
• Producing a new soy nut product (created value). The amount of additional value created by the soy nut can potentially be quite large. Creating a value-added product, such as soy nuts, may offer a large margin of value that can be added. However, production risks along with management skills are also greater, and the markets may be limited. Large volumes of soybeans can be crushed for meal and oil, but only a few bushels of soybeans will supply many specialty food stores with soy nuts, and there may be few (if any) market alternatives for excess production. Market development, food safety and packaging laws also could require considerable time and investment. However, the created added-value product might provide a much greater profit margin - especially for a small-volume producer.

Understanding how value is added is important when evaluating production and marketing risk along with determining capital needs. Capturing value often emphasizes attention to market competition and controlling production costs. Creating value may require new production techniques, product development, service, market analysis and selling skills. Although capital requirements vary for both captured and created value-added production, returns relative to risk along with adequate capital and resources are often keys to success.

From farm production to consumer marketing, risk affects every aspect of value-added agriculture. Table 1 summarizes risks associated with agricultural enterprises that capture or create added value.

 

Joe Parcell, Melvin Brees, and Nancy Giddens, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri
Reviewed by Don Hofstrand, retired extension value added agriculture specialist, agdm@iastate.edu

Joe Parcell

Melvin Brees

Nancy Giddens

Department of Agricultural Economics
University of Missouri

Don Hofstrand

retired extension value added agriculture specialist
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