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Kentucky Coffeetree
(Gymnocladus dioicus)
Leaves are alternate compound with more than 11 leaflets.
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Kentucky coffee tree is a medium sized tree with very coarse, heavy, upright branches which give it a naked appearance in the winter months. Kentucky coffee tree is not related to coffee shrubs, (although it was used as a substitute for coffee by early settlers) but is a legume like honeylocust and black locust.
Hardiness: zones 3 through 8 Growth Rate: Slow to Medium Mature Shape: Oval Height: 60 to 75 feet Width: 40 to 50 feet Site Requirements: Prefers full sun and can tolerate a wide range of soils Flowering Dates: May - June Seed Dispersal Dates: Late winter - spring Seed Bearing Age: Seed Bearing Frequency: Seed Stratification: Acid scarification for 2 hours |
The natural range of Kentucky coffee tree is the entire state of Iowa, although it is rarely found outside the drainage systems of many of our major rivers. For example it is fairly common along the drainages of the Mississippi, Des Moines, Skunk, and Big Sioux rivers, but is completely absent along the drainage of the Wapsipinicon river. Within the areas where the species occurs, it is distributed sporadically. This strange and erratic pattern of distribution is unique to Kentucky coffee tree, and the cause of this irregular distribution is unknown.
Kentucky coffee tree has a alternate, twice-pinnately compound leaf; 1 to 3 feet long, with 40 or more leaflets. Each leaflet is 2 to 3 inches long with an entire margin. Honeylocust is the only other native tree with twice-pinnately compound leaves; its leaflets are much smaller and the twigs are usually armed with branched thorns.
Winter twigs are very stout and dark reddish brown to green brown in color; the pith is very thick and salmon pink to brown in color. The terminal bud is absent, and the lateral buds are small, bronze in color, and appear to be partially sunken beneath the bark of the twig. The leaf scars are very large, heart shaped with 3 to 5 conspicuous bundle scars. The flowers are dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants). The female flowers are 8 to 12 inches long, greenish white in color, appear in early summer, and are quite fragrant. The male flowers are about half the size of the female flowers.
The fruit is a thick woody pod, 4 to 6 inches long, with 3 to 9 seeds (5/8 to 3/4 inches long) and remains on the tree throughout the winter. The seeds have an almost impenetrable seed coat; to get them to germinate, the seed is soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid for 4 to 6 hours before planting.
Kentucky coffee tree grows on a wide variety of sites and soils. It prefers rich, moist soils in floodplains, terraces, ravines, coves, and lower slopes. Its most common associates include maples, ashes, hackberry, black walnut, butternut, honeylocust, and bitternut hickory. On better sites, its growth rate is moderate (1 to 2 feet per year). Kentucky coffee tree is only moderately tolerant of shade and requires openings for successful regeneration. It is one of the last trees to leaf out in the spring; new leaves are often tinged with pink as they change to dark green. Fall color for this species is yellow to brown.
Kentucky coffee tree should be used more in the landscape. It will grow on a wide range of soils from limestone, clay, and soils which may be droughty. It is relatively free of insect and disease pests. Eventually, the landscape industry will provide propagated male selections of this species for use in the urban environment.
The wood of Kentucky coffee tree is hard, heavy, durable and closely resembles that of honey locust. It has been used for fence posts, furniture, cabinetwork, and fuel but is unimportant commercially because of its relative scarcity.
Click on a thumbnail image below to view a larger picture. |
