May 3, 2005

THE BIG CHILL

The recent cold weather has prompted many questions about the effects on various crops and best management practices.

Corn

The growing point remains below ground until the sixth leaf has emerged.  To my knowledge, no fields were that far along, so unless the ground froze at the depth of the growing point, there should be no reason to worry.  The tops should re-grow without yield loss.  The primary concern is probably the slow growth due to the cold weather, making the seeds and seedlings more vulnerable to injury from insects and diseases.

Soybeans

There were a few soybean fields that had emerged.  The growing point of soybeans emerges as soon as the seedling emerges, making it vulnerable to frost injury.  It normally takes a sustained temperature below 28 degrees for several hours to kill soybeans.  The leaves may be injured, but if the buds at the leaf axils are in tact, new leaves will emerge and the soybean plant will continue to grow and mature with little or no yield loss.

There is some data out of Ontario that suggests that soybeans should not be planted into cold soils.  If the soils are warm and then cool down, it is not so bad; it is the cold soils right at planting time that seem to be the issue.  (For what it's worth, the same is true of cotton.)  So it may be best to wait until soil temperatures recover some in the next few days before planting any soybeans.

Oats

Like corn, the growing point of oats remains below ground for some time.  A rough guide is that the growing point is above ground when the oats first "joints;" you can feel the node when you run your finger up the stem from the ground.  I am not aware of any oats that is that far along.  So, unless the ground froze at the depth of the growing point, oat leaves may be injured but the plant should survive and continue to be a thrifty plant.

Winter Wheat

As with oats, the growing point of winter wheat reaches ground level as the plants "joint."  Winter wheat jointed some time ago, so it may have been severely injured.  Cut several plants open to inspect the growing point.  If the growing point is becoming soft and mushy, the plant will die.  Consider making hay out of it.

Alfalfa

Alfalfa is the crop where it may be more difficult to make decisions.  Dr. Steve Barnhart will have an article about this in the next Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.  Because decisions may need to be made in a hurry, an early copy of the article is at the end of this update.

Weed Management

In order for most burndown herbicides to work properly, weeds should not be under stress at the time of application.  It would probably be best to either increase the herbicide rate or wait until there have been a couple of days of good growing weather before applying burndown herbicides.

ASIAN SOYBEAN RUST IN GEORGIA

The presence of Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) in Georgia was confirmed on Monday.  While it is disconcerting that ASR is moving, wind patters do not bring things from Georgia in our direction.  What is more important is watching southern Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.  Stay tuned.

ALFALFA ARTICLE FROM STEVE BARNHART

Frost / freeze on alfalfa
by Stephen K. Barnhart, Department of Agronomy
 
Pinning down precise air and tissue temperatures in a standing alfalfa crop, and then predicting the impact on growth (or death) is not an exact science. The air temperature reported on the weather report or on your local thermometer may not be what the alfalfa crop is experiencing. Topography of the site (cold air flows into low-lying areas), wind, and the moderating influence of the warmer soil mass greatly influence the micro-climates in the standing alfalfa canopy and from site to site in the field. My descriptions here should be considered subjective, with an appropriate amount of acceptable  variability that reflects real world conditions. 
 
A light frost -- 27 to 31 F
Once alfalfa plants have broken spring dormancy, their tolerance of low temperatures is greatly reduced. Leaves on new alfalfa shoots will often be killed at tissue temperature of about 27 to 28 F (or colder). Buds and growing points are somewhat better insulated at 27 to 28 F and will often continue to grow normally. The only evidence of a light frost will be the loss of several sets of trifoliate leaves down the stem that correlates with the chronological time of the frost. Most plants in the field of a low-lying area will exhibit the same general leaf loss pattern. At these light frosts the top few inches of alfalfa stems may curl - similar in appearance to 2,4-D herbicide epinasty. Alfalfa plants out grow this.
 
Management implications :  Morphological plant development should not be affected by a light frost, and there is no need to change harvest management plans.
 
Moderate frost -- 26-27 F
Temperatures that freeze the upper few inches of the stem tips cause serious damage to that stems terminal growing point, as well as the supporting stem tip and associated leaves. The entire stem is not dead. At each leaf position lower on the stem is a dormant bud that can develop into a stem branch. Buds from the crown can also begin to develop new stems with the loss of the terminal buds.  The frozen stem tips will dry out, and weather, losing nutritive value. The lower stem and any lower (or shorter) stems may still have their terminal growing points in tact and will continue to grow normally. 
 
Management implications:  For the next few weeks following the moderate frost the morphology of the plant will be mixed.  The unaffected stems will continue to develop normally and progress through stem maturation, budding and flower formation as they normally would. The plants that may have only received temperatures in the light frost range (described above) will also progress through the reproductive stages normally. The lower stem tissue on stems that have lost the terminal growing points will continue to mature (increase in fiber, decrease in feed quality). The new side branches and frost-induced crown shoots will remain vegetative (and higher in feed quality) for a longer period than the associated older stems.  Making harvest decisions then must be made on the basis of the feeding quality goals for the crop. Harvest for dairy quality forage should be based on the maturity of the most mature stems. In some cases this may mean the remaining old, maturing stems of frosted shoots that now have new vegetative branches that are exhibiting maturity several weeks younger than their stem bases. For high nutritive forage quality, cutting decisions should best be made based on scissors clippings and testing - visual indicators will be giving mixed messages. If using PEAQ (predictive equations of alfalfa quality), try to find areas of the field that were not frosted as your best guide for the quality changes going on in the field as a whole. Using stem maturity and height of new, post-frost stems in the PEAQ assessment will over estimate the quality of the standing forage as a whole. You may see some yield sacrifice from the frost loss. 
 
Physiologically, the moderately frosted plants still have had nearly constant full leaf area and will not have been greatly stressed enough to delay harvest because of frost stress. An exception may be for fields that are recovering from winter injury and have been recovering slowly. These fields would benefit from a week or so delay in harvest, or harvest when the plants reach early- to mid-bloom. Some producers are asking if they should cut alfalfa a week or two earlier than normal, simply because the stem tips have been frozen. This strategy would not only net a yield reduction for the cutting (because of early harvest), but may increase physiological early cutting stress in the plants.
 
Hard frost -- 25 - 26 F or colder
Cold air that kills alfalfa tissue deep within the canopy does lead to important considerations. Stems present at the time of frost will not produce any additional yield, and plants will attempt to re-grow from crown buds.
 
Management implications:  If you are to salvage the nutritive value of the severely frozen alfalfa, you need to begin the harvest and curing process soon -- before the frozen plant tissue begins to weather, and lose nutritive quality. Physiologically, this is an early harvest and may lead to slower-than-normal re-growth from early cutting stress.  This will also set the harvest schedule a week or two earlier for the remainder of the harvests of the year. If you do nothing, new crown shoots (essentially the 2^nd growth) will grow up through the frost-killed stems and be at late bud / early flower, ready for harvest 4 to 5 weeks later. The presence of the dead, old stems will add to the dry matter yield of the combined 1^st and 2^nd crop, but will also contribute significant, less desirable fiber. 
 
Stephen K. Barnhart is a professor of agronomy with extension, teaching and research responsibilities in forage production and management.